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História do desenvolvimento da comunicação do telefone fixo fixo na China （2）
Fixed Landline Telephone History
4. Foreign investors build Shanghai landline telephone
Dentro 1882, the Great Northern Telegraph Company set up a magnet-type manual telephone exchange at No. 7 on the Bund, erected telegraph poles in the Shanghai Public Concession and the French Concession, and installed 25 telephones. The annual rental fee for telephones per household was 150 yuan. There is a public telephone. This was Shanghai’s first commercial telephone exchange six years after the invention of the telephone, and only five years later than the world’s first telephone company, the American Bell Telephone Company, which is now the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T).
At that time, there were 41 actual users, including 38 foreign banks and 3 Chinese commercial banks. By the end of the year, the number of users had increased to 338, and the rental fee for each household was 150 yuan per year. In the same year, British companies such as China Toyo Telephone also established telephone companies in Shanghai.
Huang Shiquan recorded in “Songnan Dream Video Recording”: “The method is to erect wooden poles along the way and tie two lead wires to them, which is no different from the telegraph. No entanto, the mechanism is completely different. The method of transmission does not use letters to assemble it, but only The message must be communicated to the end of the line, just like talking in a room. According to the cloud, within twelve o’clock, it can be transmitted to the five continents of the earth.”
The significance of the installation of these local telephones is different from the point-to-one intercom telephones of the previous steamship merchants. These 25 places with telephones can communicate with each other, and the transfer is realized through the telephone exchange. There are many connections in front of each operator. board, when the caller makes a call, the corresponding socket will light up, and then the operator can pick up the phone and ask you where to call. If the phone number is within the range of his management, he will insert the line plug into the corresponding socket. jack, then the called party’s home phone starts to ring, and the two parties can talk.
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5. The development of China’s telephone industry in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China
Dentro 1900, under the promotion of the Qing government, Liu Kunyi, the governor of Liangjiang and the minister of Nanyang, “due to the defense and martial law, the vast area of the province, the civil and military personnel were stationed far away, and when there was an incident, the business was spread, and the delay was carefully considered.” Set up a telephone and use a wire to convey messages, hoping to respond well.” He established the Jiangnan Electric Power Bureau in Rundli, Nanjing, and set up a telephone exchange (also known as the “Telephone Central Office”). He initially set up a 50-door magnet manual switchboard and installed 16 single machines, all of which were used by the official residence. .
Dentro 1903, the Tianjin Telephone Bureau was established.
Dentro 1904, the Beijing government-run telephone exchange was established.
In February 1907, the State Administration of Telecommunications of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications of the Qing government established the Shanghai Telephone Bureau in Xinquanli Street outside the East Gate of Shanghai South City based on the commercial telephone of 1902. It rented three private houses as office rooms, with a total of It had 19 employees and had 97 users when it opened, breaking the situation in which foreign companies had monopolized Shanghai’s telephone communications industry since the establishment of the foreign telephone company in 1882.
Telephones have limitations such as a limited transmission distance, which can only “reach a distance of sixty miles”, e “a person with many languages cannot understand many languages”, so there is a long way to go for improvement. Portanto, after the telephone entered China, it did not spread to all parts of the country as quickly as the telegraph did.
Dentro 1889, Peng Mingbao, who was in charge of Anqing’s telegraph business in Anhui at that time, designed and manufactured my country’s first telephone, named “Microphone”, with a communication distance of up to 300 miles.
Dentro 1929, a long-distance line was laid between Nanjing and Shanghai. A pair of lines passed through Zhenjiang, Wuxi, Suzhou, Kunshan and other places. The call was in one place and stopped in other places. Mais tarde, a pair of lines were added directly to Shanghai. To make a long-distance call, you must first dial the record number and register. There are two types: urgent and regular. Because there are too few lines, there is an unwritten rule: business people give way to military people, military people give way to air defense, and small officials give way to big officials. When Chiang Kai-shek calls, all people give way except air defense.
6. The development of telephone after the founding of the People’s Republic of China
Dentro 1949, China’s telephone penetration rate was only 0.05%, and there were only 260,000 telephone users.
Dentro 1970, Denmark first used the F-68 digital push button dialing telephone, replacing the rotary dial type.
Dentro 1978, China’s telephone capacity was 3.59 milhão, users were 2.14 milhão, and the penetration rate was 0.38%, less than 1/10 of the world level.
Dentro 1982, China’s first 10,000-door program-controlled telephone exchange, the Japanese F-150, was put into use in Fuzhou. This work began at the end of 1979. During the equipment selection stage, my country successively cooperated with 8 companies including Fujitsu, NEC, Ericsson, and Philips. Negotiated with manufacturers and conducted a short-term equipment selection inspection in Japan. The Fujian Provincial Post and Telecommunications Administration signed an introduction contract with Fujitsu on December 24, 1980. The local telephone equipment was shipped from Yokohama, Japan on January 30, 1982. It was installed on April 12 and officially opened at 0:00 on November 27.
Dentro 1985, Shenzhen issued my country’s first set of phone cards, with a total of 3 cards and a face value of 87 yuan.
The initial installation fee for installing a local telephone in 1991 was 1,500 yuan.
Dentro 1995, the initial installation fee for local telephone calls was 3,500 yuan.
In March 2003, the number of fixed-line users reached 225.626 milhão, and the number of mobile phone users reached 221.491 milhão. The number of mobile phone users is about to equal that of fixed-line users.
Shenzhen EAST LINE’s annual capacity of landline telephones is around 3 Million units for home, office, hotel, schools etc.
Telefone fino com fio com acabamento em linha com revestimento rígido
História do desenvolvimento da comunicação do telefone fixo fixo na China （1）
Fixed Landline Telephone History in China
Na China, the telegraph and the telephone appeared at about the same time. After the telegraph line was built, the telephone also entered China. In many cases, telephone lines and telegraph lines were shared, and the development trajectories of the two were almost parallel. They were not It took many years after the telegraph was introduced to China before more advanced telephones slowly appeared. The phone number in this issue refers to a landline phone, also known as a “landline”, not a mobile phone (cell phone).
Shenzhen EAST LINE are the professional OEM landline telephone manufacturer.
1. Invention of telephone
Dentro 1861, a German teacher invented the original telephone, which used the principle of sound waves to communicate with each other over short distances, but it was not put into actual use.
There has always been controversy about the inventor of the telephone. Some say it was Antonio Meucci, another said it was Bell, and another said it was Elisha Gray. There are many such things. The most famous one is Newton and Leibniz’s theory of micro-organisms. In the story of points, the main controversy is Meucci and Bell.
Dentro 1849, Meucci, de 41 anos, descobriu acidentalmente que fios podiam transmitir alguns sons durante um tratamento de eletrochoque. Então ele fez um sistema simples de transmissão de som. Dentro 1860, Meucci, de 52 anos, demonstrou este sistema ao público e uma introdução à invenção foi publicada em um jornal de língua italiana em Nova York, quando seu rival Alexander Bell tinha apenas 13 anos. Porque ele era pobre demais para pagar a taxa de manutenção da patente, he sent the model and technical details to the Western Union Telegraph Company in the hope of commercial use, but nothing happened.
On February 14, 1876, Bell, who shared a laboratory with Meucci, applied for a telephone patent to the U.S. Patent Office, and the application was approved on March 3.
No entanto, whether Bell independently invented the telephone, improved the sound transmission equipment, plagiarized Meucci, or used different principles, please stay calm. When science and technology develop to a certain level, the same creation and creativity It occurs in many places, which is very common.
Telegraph lines were originally used to transmit telephone signals, but the noise interference caused by such lines was very large, so people were not allowed to improve the communication lines. Dentro 1883, a line using a second wire as a loop appeared, which greatly reduced the noise interference in telephone communications.
2. The origin of the name “telephone”
Dentro 1796, Hughes proposed a method of using a microphone to relay voice messages. Although this method was not very practical, he gave this method of communication a name: Telefone, which is still used today.
The Chinese word “telephone” is a Chinese word created by Japan. In fact, there are many Chinese names translated in Japan. In addition to telephone, the most famous one is the philosophical term “metaphysics”. Telephone is the free translation of the English word “telephone”. The Chinese transliterated this English word and translated it as “telephone”.
In the early 20th century, um grupo de estudantes estrangeiros de Shaoxing, no Japão, escreveu em conjunto uma resposta à sua cidade natal, que apresentou em detalhes a situação de modernização no Japão. Lu Xun também foi listado entre eles. Quando a carta mencionou “telephone”, ele explicou especificamente: “Com aparelhos elétricos, Para transmitir palavras, os chineses traduziram como “telephone”, o que não é tão bom quanto “telephone”. Gradualmente, chamava-se telefone. Por um período de tempo, os dois termos “telephone” e “telephone” eram comumente usados. Mais tarde, “telephone” “Vento” desaparece lentamente.
3． Chinese people came into contact with telephones for the first time
Dentro 1876 (the second year of Guangxu), Ningbo customs official Li Gui was ordered to go to the United States to participate in the “World’s Fair” held in Philadelphia. He saw a telephone that could transmit messages, and wrote it in his book “A New Record of Traveling Around the World”. In the book, Li Gui is the first Chinese to see a telephone for which historical data are available.
In this book, he also made detailed records of the U.S. Postal Service and suggested that the Qing Dynasty also open a Chinese postal service. His insights were praised by Li Hongzhang, and he was subsequently ordered to draft the “Translation and Drafting of the Postal Service’s Rules for Sending Letters”, which included ten The specifications, features, rates, G.729a/b. of several types of mail are specified in detail. When Kang Youwei was 22 anos, he read the newly published “New Records of Around the Earth”.
Dentro 1877, the year after Bell invented the telephone, a Chinese was fortunate enough to use a telephone. This Chinese was named Guo Songtao, who was the first minister of the Qing Dynasty to Britain.
On October 16, 1877, Guo Songtao was invited to visit a power plant near London, England. During the visit, the owner specifically asked him to experience the telephone, which had recently been introduced to the United Kingdom from the United States. One end of the telephone was installed upstairs and the other end was installed downstairs. , Guo Songtao asked Zhang Deyi, the translator of the Chinese Embassy, to go downstairs to answer the call, while he made the call upstairs.
Guo: “Did you hear that?”
Zhang: “Yes.”
Guo: “Are you aware?”
Zhang: “Sim”
Guo: “Please count the numbers.”
Zhang: “One, two, three, four, five, six, seven”
This was the first time for Chinese people to use the telephone. Guo Songtao wrote down his experience of using the telephone in his diary: “There are many languages and there are many that cannot be understood, but this number is distinct.” He called it a “sound reporting machine”. Guo Songtao will What he saw along the way was recorded in his diary “Shi Xi Ji Cheng”, advocating that China should study and learn from the advanced technologies and systems of the West. After the book was sent to the Prime Minister’s Office, it was attacked and cursed by diehards. It was not made public until Guo Songtao’s death. issued.
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3． Magnet Telephone
Bell’s phone is a magnet phone. The so-called magnet phone is also called a hand-crank phone or a crank phone. There is a crank on the left side of the phone. Before using the phone, you need to crank it to charge the battery. The general working principle is: When the speaker picks up the phone and speaks into the microphone, the vibration of the vocal cords forms sound waves, which act on the microphone, causing the carbon particles in the metal box of the microphone to become loose and tight – the resistance becomes large and small – circuit The current is strong and weak. , the voice current is transmitted along the line to the receiver of the other party’s phone. The magnetism of the electromagnet in the receiver becomes stronger and weaker – the magnetic force on the thin iron sheet becomes stronger and smaller – causing the thin iron sheet to vibrate and emit sounds that are connected to the speaker. Same sound.
